As of January 2024, Haiti was home to approximately 200 gangs, with nearly half based in Port-au-Prince, where they controlled many of the capital city's slum neighborhoods. Many of these gangs have allied themselves around two main coalitions, the G9 and G-Pep. Despite the current situation, the roots of these gangs and the systemic issues they represent date back to the Duvalier regime (1957-1986), when the regime relied on paramilitary gangs called them Tonton Macoutes.

Presentation by Andrew Kirkby, Haitian Studies Certificate final project.